# 可变参数函数模板

Variable templates

允许模板接受任意数量和任意类型的参数。

1.基本用法

```c++
template<typename... Args>
void func(Args... args);
```

使用...操作符展开参数包

```c++
template<typename... Args>
void print(Args... args)
{
    (std::cout << ... << args) << std::endl; // C++17 折叠表达式
}
```

2.基本使用

```c++
#include <iostream>
//递归终止
void print()
{
    std::cout << std::endl;
}

//可变参数模板
template<typename T, typename... Args>
void print(T first, Args... args)
{
    std::cout << first << " ";
    print(args...); //递归调用，参数减一
}

//use
print(1, 2.5, "hello");
```

折叠表达式

```c++
template<typename... Args>
void print_fold(Args... args)
{
    //一元右折叠
    ((std::cout << args << " "), ...);
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    //sum
    int sum = (args + ...); // (args1 + args2 + args3 + ...)
    std::cout << "Sum: " << sum << std::endl;
}

//use
print_fold(1, 2, 3, 4); //Output: 1 2 3 4 Sum: 10
```

计算参数数量

```c++
template<typename... Args>
constexpr size_t count_args(Args... args) {
    return sizeof...(Args); // 或 sizeof...(args)
}
// 使用
std::cout << count_args(1, 2.5, "test") << std::endl; // 输出: 3
```

完美转发

```c++
template<typename T, typename... Args>
std::unique_ptr<T> make_unique(Args&&... args) {
    return std::unique_ptr<T>(new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
}
// 使用
auto ptr = make_unique<std::vector<int>>(5, 42); // 创建包含5个42的vector
```

构造函数转发

```c++
class Container {
    template<typename... Args>
    void emplace_back(Args&&... args) {
        data_.emplace_back(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    }

private:
    std::vector<std::string> data_;
};
```

类型安全的格式化

```c++
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
template<typename... Args>
std::string format(const std::string& fmt, Args... args) {
    std::ostringstream oss;
    // 简化实现 - 实际中需要解析格式字符串
    size_t index = 0;
    auto process = [&](const auto& arg) {
        std::string placeholder = "{" + std::to_string(index++) + "}";
        // 这里需要更复杂的格式化逻辑
        oss << arg << " ";
    };

    (process(args), ...); // C++17 折叠表达式

    return oss.str();
}
```


<!-- markdown for nginx, see https://phus.lu -->
<script>
!function(){
	var dom = {
		element: null,
		get: function (o) {
			var obj = Object.create(this)
			obj.element = (typeof o == "object") ? o : document.createElement(o)
			return obj
		},
		add: function (o) {
			var obj = dom.get(o)
			this.element.appendChild(obj.element)
			return obj
		},
		text: function (t) {
			this.element.appendChild(document.createTextNode(t))
			return this
		},
		attr: function (k, v) {
			this.element.setAttribute(k, v)
			return this
		}
	}

	if (!document.head) return
	head = dom.get(document.head)
	head.add('meta').attr('charset', 'utf-8')
	head.add('meta').attr('name', 'viewport').attr('content', 'width=device-width,initial-scale=1')

	if (!document.body) {
		document.write(["<div class=\"container\">",
		"<h3>nginx.conf</h3>",
		"<textarea rows=6 cols=50>",
		"# download markdown.html to /wwwroot",
		"location ~ \\.md$ {",
		"    default_type text/html;",
		"    add_after_body /markdown.html;",
		"}",
		"</textarea>",
		"</div>"].join("\n"))
		return
	}

	var bodytext = document.body.innerHTML
	document.body.innerHTML = ''

	div = dom.get('div').attr('class', 'container')

	div.add('script').attr('src', 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/marked/0.5.2/marked.min.js').attr('integrity', 'sha256-zFUosuESzULu5P+SZdjRRtBZR8+1u5RZDlbt3Q5KL8U=').attr('crossorigin', 'anonymous')
	div.add('link').attr('rel', 'stylesheet').attr('href', 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/github-markdown-css/5.1.0/github-markdown-light.min.css').attr('integrity', 'sha256-WQx0Y6LLZeGv3V3NVVge+YIL5MIOt45RPuFdkyNodls=').attr('crossorigin', 'anonymous')

	title = decodeURIComponent(document.location.pathname.replace(/.*\//, '').replace(/\.html$/, ''))
	document.title = '《' + title.replace(/\.md$/, '') + '》'
	tbody = div.add('table').add('tbody')
	tbody.add('tr').add('th').text(title).attr('class', 'octicon-book')
	tbody.add('tr').add('td').add('div').attr('id', 'readme').attr('class', 'markdown-body')

	wait = function (name, callback) {
		var interval = 10; // ms
		window.setTimeout(function() {
			if (window[name]) {
				callback(window[name])
			} else {
				window.setTimeout(arguments.callee, interval)
			}
		}, interval)
	}
	wait('marked', function() {
		document.getElementById("readme").innerHTML = marked.parse(bodytext)
	})

	document.body.appendChild(div.element)
}()
</script>

<style>
body {
	margin: 0;
	font-family: "ubuntu", "Tahoma", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, Serif;
}
.markdown-body {
	float: left;
	font-family: "ubuntu", "Tahoma", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, Serif;
}
.container {
	padding-right: 15px;
	padding-left: 15px;
	margin-right: auto;
	margin-left: auto;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
	.container {
		max-width: 80%;
	}
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
	.container {
		max-width: 70%;
	}
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
	.container {
		max-width: 60%;
	}
}
table {
	width: 100%;
	max-width: 100%;
	margin-bottom: 20px;
	border: 1px solid #ddd;
	padding: 0;
	border-collapse: collapse;
}
table th {
	font-size: 14px;
}
table tr {
	border: 1px solid #ddd;
	padding: 5px;
}
table th, table td {
	border: 1px solid #ddd;
	font-size: 14px;
	line-height: 20px;
	padding: 3px;
	text-align: left;
}
.octicon-book {
	background-position: center left;
	background-repeat: no-repeat;
	padding-left: 20px;
	background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='16' height='16' viewBox='0 0 16 16'%3E%3Cpath d='M3,5 L7,5 L7,6 L3,6 L3,5 L3,5 Z M3,8 L7,8 L7,7 L3,7 L3,8 L3,8 Z M3,10 L7,10 L7,9 L3,9 L3,10 L3,10 Z M14,5 L10,5 L10,6 L14,6 L14,5 L14,5 Z M14,7 L10,7 L10,8 L14,8 L14,7 L14,7 Z M14,9 L10,9 L10,10 L14,10 L14,9 L14,9 Z M16,3 L16,12 C16,12.55 15.55,13 15,13 L9.5,13 L8.5,14 L7.5,13 L2,13 C1.45,13 1,12.55 1,12 L1,3 C1,2.45 1.45,2 2,2 L7.5,2 L8.5,3 L9.5,2 L15,2 C15.55,2 16,2.45 16,3 L16,3 Z M8,3.5 L7.5,3 L2,3 L2,12 L8,12 L8,3.5 L8,3.5 Z M15,3 L9.5,3 L9,3.5 L9,12 L15,12 L15,3 L15,3 Z' /%3E%3C/svg%3E");
}
</style>