# 归并排序法

归并排序也称合并排序，其算法思想是将待排序序列分为两部分，依次对分得的两个部分再次使用归并排序，之后再对其进行合并。仅从算法思想上了解归并排序会觉得很抽象，接下来就以对序列A[0], A[l]…, A[n-1]进行升序排列来进行讲解，在此采用自顶向下的实现方法，操作步骤如下。

(1)将所要进行的排序序列分为左右两个部分，如果要进行排序的序列的起始元素下标为first，最后一个元素的下标为last，那么左右两部分之间的临界点下标mid=(first+last)/2，这两部分分别是A[first … mid]和A[mid+1 … last]。

(2)将上面所分得的两部分序列继续按照步骤(1)继续进行划分，直到划分的区间长度为1。

(3)将划分结束后的序列进行归并排序，排序方法为对所分的n个子序列进行两两合并，得到n/2或n/2+l个含有两个元素的子序列，再对得到的子序列进行合并，直至得到一个长度为n的有序序列为止。下面通过一段代码来看如何实现归并排序。

```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define N 7
void merge(int arr[], int low, int mid, int high){
    int i, k;
    int *tmp = (int *)malloc((high-low+1)*sizeof(int));
    //申请空间，使其大小为两个
    int left_low = low;
    int left_high = mid;
    int right_low = mid + 1;
    int right_high = high;
    for(k=0; left_low<=left_high && right_low<=right_high; k++){  // 比较两个指针所指向的元素
        if(arr[left_low]<=arr[right_low]){
            tmp[k] = arr[left_low++];
        }else{
            tmp[k] = arr[right_low++];
        }
    }
    if(left_low <= left_high){  //若第一个序列有剩余，直接复制出来粘到合并序列尾
    //memcpy(tmp+k, arr+left_low, (left_high-left_low+l)*sizeof(int));
    for(i=left_low;i<=left_high;i++)
        tmp[k++] = arr[i];
    }
    if(right_low <= right_high){
    //若第二个序列有剩余，直接复制出来粘到合并序列尾
    //memcpy(tmp+k, arr+right_low, (right_high-right_low+1)*sizeof(int));
        for(i=right_low; i<=right_high; i++)
            tmp[k++] = arr[i];
    }
    for(i=0; i<high-low+1; i++)
        arr[low+i] = tmp[i];
    free(tmp);
    return;
}
void merge_sort(int arr[], unsigned int first, unsigned int last){
    int mid = 0;
    if(first<last){
        mid = (first+last)/2; /* 注意防止溢出 */
        /*mid = first/2 + last/2;*/
        //mid = (first & last) + ((first ^ last) >> 1);
        merge_sort(arr, first, mid);
        merge_sort(arr, mid+1,last);
        merge(arr,first,mid,last);
    }
    return;
}
int main(){
    int i;
    int a[N]={32,12,56,78,76,45,36};
    printf ("排序前 \n");
    for(i=0;i<N;i++)
        printf("%d\t",a[i]);
    merge_sort(a,0,N-1);  // 排序
    printf ("\n 排序后 \n");
    for(i=0;i<N;i++)
        printf("%d\t",a[i]); printf("\n");
    system("pause");
    return 0;
}
```


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